Using letter copying presses, copies could be made up to twenty-four hours after a letter was written, though copies made within a few hours were best.
#PRINT IN DUPLICATE MEANING PORTABLE#
In 1785, Jefferson was using both stationary and portable presses made by James Watt & Co. Letter copying presses were used by the early 1780s by the likes of Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Henry Cavendish, and Thomas Jefferson. In 1780 James Watt obtained a patent for letter copying presses, which James Watt & Co. Iron letter copying press, late 19th century, Germany copying press, in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum.
Letter copying presses A James Watt & Co. The problem was their "inherent instability, and constant need for repair and adjustment." Hawkins & Peale lost money producing polygraphs. However, polygraphs were not practical for most office purposes and were never widely used in businesses. He used a polygraph for the rest of his life. John Isaac Hawkins and Charles Willson Peale patented a polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 Thomas Jefferson collaborated with them in working on improvements in the machine. Polygraphs appeared in the 17th century but did not become popular until 1800. In document duplication (as opposed to law enforcement and such), a polygraph is a mechanical device that moves a second pen parallel to one held by a writer, enabling the writer to make a duplicate of a document as it is written.
Ī few alternatives to hand copying were invented between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none were widely adopted for business use.įurther information: Polygraph (duplicating device) One of the polygraphs used by Thomas Jefferson, a portable version Self-publishers also used these machines to produce fanzines. They were often used in schools, churches, and small organizations, where revolutionarily economical copying was in demand for the production of newsletters and worksheets. By bringing greatly increased quantities of paperwork to daily life, the duplicating machine and the typewriter gradually changed the forms of the office desk and transformed the nature of office work. This second phase brought to mass markets technologies like the small electric motors and the products of industrial chemistry without which the duplicating machines would not have been economical. Like the typewriter, these machines were products of the second phase of the Industrial Revolution which started near the end of the 19th century (also called the Second Industrial Revolution).
The duplicator was pioneered by Thomas Edison and David Gestetner, with Gestetner dominating the market up until the late 1990s. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners, laser printers and photocopiers, but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for limited-run distribution.
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